Simple Detailing about Engineering Drawings and Working steps during the Building construction
(1)
Architectural Drawing
è Project
Layout Drawing
-
North Direction
-
Centreline Details of Columns and Walls,
Excavation of Foundation and Footing work
-
Side Margin of boundary walls, Set Backs and
Bye-Laws (As per AMC and Auda)
-
Staircase and Lift & Lift Shafts Detailing
-
Detailing of – Parking, Club House, Gym, Garden,
Land Scaping, Common Bathroom, Electric Meter and Letter Box Position
-
Position of – Bore-Well Septic Tank, Under
Ground Water Tank, Over Head Water Tank
(2)
Working and Development Drawing
è
Compound
Walls
è
Bore-Well
è
Security
Cabin
è
Front or
Main Gate
è
Parking,
Club House, Gym and Other Amenities of Project
(3)
Structure Drawing and Working Drawing (As
per Level of Construction)
è General
Notes
è Trial
Pit for Soil and Strata
è Linedori
Work Centre to Centre for Column and Walls (Layout on the Ground)
è Line
Dori Method for Right Angle – 3, 4 & 5 / 6, 8 & 10 / 9, 12 & 15
Sub Structure Work
è Excavation
(If Basement, Under Ground Water Tank, Swimming Pool or Septic Tank)
-
Anti-Turmite Treatment before PCC Work in
Foundation
è Formwork
for Footing
-
Place the footing form work box and check diagonals of form
work box
-
Check gaps if any between form work and PCC top levels
-
Before concreting clean the inner space of form work box
-
Done PCC work with water jet, Give proper support to footing
with planks and form work box, so that position should not change
-
Mark Center of the footing with the help of Nail on footing
box or plank
-
Center match with center of pillar (Previous taken)
-
Check Reinforcement of footing during the shuttering work
-
è PCC
in Foundation
è Foundation
and Footing
-
Depended upon Loads – Dead Load
and Live Load
è Up
to Plinth beam Level
-
Anti-Turmite Treatment at Plinth beam Level
Super Structure Work
è DPC
(Damp Proof Course) at Plinth Level
è Plinth
Filling and PCC work
è RCC
work
Cement – OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 43
to 53 Grade & PCC (Portland Pozzolana Cement), 1 Bag = 50 Kgs, Ultratech,
Sanghi, Ambuja, Siddhi etc
Coarse Aggregates – Witch pass through Indian
Standard Sieve of opening of size 80 mm and are entirely on Indian Standard Sieve
4.75 mm, Its free from clay, Normally Sizes 25mm and 12.5mm to Mass concrete
40mm used in RCC work
-
Concrete Grade and Mix Ratio of Cement, Sand and Aggregate –
Ratio here under with table of RMC (Ready Mix Concrete)
Grade
of Concrete Mix
Ratio (Cement, Sand & Concrete)
------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
M-5 - 1
: 5 : 10
M-7.5 - 1
: 4 : 8
M-10 - 1
: 3 : 6
M-15 - 1
: 2 : 4
M-20 - 1
: 1.5 : 3
Standard
Grade of Concrete Mix Ratio (Cement,
Sand & Concrete)
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
M-25 - 1
: 1 : 2
M-30 - 1 : 1
: 3
M-35, 40, 45 - Design Mix
High
Strength Concrete Mix Ratio
(Cement, Sand & Concrete)
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
M-50, 55,
60, 65, 70 - Design
Mix
For Example - M-15 Grade Concrete Ratio – Farma
Size for that – 30 cm x 38 cm x 30 cm (1’.00” x 1’.3” x 1’.00”) = 1.25 Cubic
foot (Cement – 1 Bag of 50 Kgs, Sand – 2 Farma full and 1 Farma Half (2.5),
Metal – 4 Farma full but 1” less in farma)
Compaction of Concrete – Hand
Compaction
– with Roading, Ramming and Temping Methods, Compaction with Vibrator and
Needle – Formwork Internal Vibrator, Formwork Vibrator external, Table
Vibrator, Platform Vibrator, Surface Vibrator
o
Method of Curing – Curing Methods here under -
Water Curing –
(1)
Immersion – The pre-cast concrete items are normally immersed in
curing tanks for the require duration
(2)
Ponding – Floor Slab, Road slab, Making small pond by sand bags
(3)
Spraying and Wet covering – For Verticals retaining walls
and Concrete columns are curing by Spraying or Wet Gunny bags, Hessian cloth
are wrapped around of columns surfaces to keep in concrete wet.
Membrane Curing –
The
basic concept behind membrane curing is that the water used to mix the concrete
is not allowed to go out from the body of concrete
Application of Heat –
(1)
Steam Curing
(2)
Curing by Infra-red radiation
(3)
Electrical Curing
Miscellaneous (Misc.)
Applying Calcium Chloride on the
surface of concrete
Testing of
Concrete –
(1)
Field Tests on fresh concrete –
o
Slump Test
(2)
Laboratory Test –
o
Casting of Cubes
o
Testing of Concrete cubes
o
Age at Test
Checklist for
Concreting work at site –
(1)
Column concreting above Plinth or Floor slab
Joints, Ring Spacing and Binding wire’s ties with Steel bar
check
(2)
Checking of Shuttering for Column work
Applying
oil for de-shuttering, Fixing with Sikanja proper or MS Clamps 2 ft, Check Side
support of shuttering
(3)
Checking of Column before concreting
Check
with vertical line with plumb BOB, Supports (Teka), Reinforcement in proper
manner and as per Drawing
(4)
Checking of column while concreting
Cube
test of 6 different batch, Water cement ratio, Vibrator, Check shuttering
joints and gap
(5)
Checking of column after concreting
De-shuttering
after 36 hours, Tancha work on columns, Curing column with Hessian clothe
rapped surrounding of columns for 15 days
Slab or Beam Concreting –
(1)
Checking of Shuttering
(2)
Checking of Reinforcement
For Beam – Bottom Bars, Top Bars, Bent up Bars, Side covers, Spans
For
Slab
– Main Bars, Bent up Bars, distance between bent up bars, Covering in slab
bottom, spacing, Fan hook locations
(3)
Casting Slab
Stone Dust – 10 Liter stone dust is
recommended for gets absorbed volumetrically and does not increase the
quantity of sand.
Fine Aggregates (Sand) – Sand passes through Indian
Standard Sieve 4.75, Ensure that the sand is river wet or artificially
wet, Sand should be free from Silt, clay, salts, mica and organic material, Test
of presence of salt or clay in sand by volume – Rub a sample of sand with
wet palms, good and clean sand will not stick to the hand, whereas sand with
salt and clay will stick and changing colour of the palms.
-
Reinforcement Steel – TMT / TMX Steel Bars -
TMT (Thermo Mechanical Treated Bar)
- Grade Fe-415, Fe-415 D, Fe-500, Fe-500 D, Fe-600 and TMX
(Thermex Power Bar), Both are good for structure work,
-
Steel bar rings for support columns and beams and Binding
wire use for Bar fixing after laying Bars for RCC work, HYSD (High Yield
Strength Deformed) Steel bar are generally used as a reinforcement in
concrete work
Water – Water use for mixing
concrete should be clean and free from
salt, oil, alkalis, sugar and organic materials, Drinking water best for used
Admixtures – Classifications of Admixtures
here under –
Air
Entraining Admixture, Water reducing Admixture, Retarding Admixture, Accelerating
Admixture, Super plasticizers, Misc. Admixture are useful for Workability,
bonding, damp proof, gravity
Sieve Analysis – 80mm, 63mm, 40mm, 25mm, 20mm,
16mm, 12.5mm and 10mm Indian Standard Sieves for Aggregates, 4.75mm,
2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron Indian Standard Sieves
use for Fine Aggregates (Sand)
è Steel
Section Structures
-
I - Beam
-
C- Column
-
Ms Angles
-
Ms Patta
è Formwork
Uses Material for Formwork – Shuttering Ply, Ms-Binding Wire,
Farma, Sikanja, Props, Spans, Ms-Plates, Tie rod, Wooden Planks
-
Shuttering
-
Centering
-
Stagging
-
Scaffolding
-
Shoring
Steel
Plate – Sizes of plates – 3’.00” x 2’.00” x 1” and 4’.00” x 2’.00” x 1”
o Size of Angle – use for plate is – 25 mm x 25
mm x 5 mm
o Ply wood – Should be Water proof – Size is
8’.00” x 4’.00” Sheet in Red 12 mm
Thickness
of the Ply wood (1.20 m x 2.40 m Size & 12 mm Thick)
o Planks – Quality of wood like silver oak
type and its free from knots (Ganth),
Twist, Size 6” x 6” x long as per
requirement, 6” x 3” x Long as per
Props
– Diameter of props should not be less than 3”,
Steel
Form Work – Adjustable Props and size is 2.0 m x 3.75 m Heavy
Duty,
-
Propex,
Adjustable Spans (Between space of 2.00 to 4.00 m, Centering
Plate (Farma) Size is 3’.00” x 2’.00” or 4’.00” x 2’.00” Column Farma
(Round Shape) in 1200 mm length & 2 Segments Column
Farma (Square) in 225, 300, 375 and 450 mm, Available In
1200 to 2500 mm, Column Clamps (Sikanja) – Step Centering –
§ Use for staircases, Size – 900 to
1500 mm
-
è Formwork
for Columns
o
Material should be water proofing, Support to plywood should
be sufficient in Vertical and Horizontal, Check Diagonals of shuttering box of
columns, Fix MS clamps (Sikanja size is 2’.00”) for proper fitting, Check gaps
and carpentry work of shuttering box of columns, Use Wooden patty for fix ply
for shuttering box, Marking Center line of the column properly, Check
Reinforcement and Its ring or joints during the shuttering work, Give support
vertical and horizontal of shuttering box, De-shuttering at least after 24
hours
è Door
Frame Installing and Staircase work (Flights, Trade and Riser Details)
è Brick
Masonry up to Windows Sill Level
è Brick
Masonry up to Doors and Windows Lintel Level, Lofts and Projection Chajja
è Formwork
for Chhaja
Chajja is a part of projecting
outside the building, Its purpose is protecting the window from rain and sun
shade, Generally designed as the Cantilever, Lintel bottom Level is fixed using
planks on the masonry walls, After checking lines and level of the lintel
bottom proper support are given to it, As per width of Chhajja MS plates are
fixed in the level of lintel bottom with slanting support, Reinforcement is tie
with binding wire and rings as per the drawing, Sides of Chhajja are fixed
along with sides of the lintel
è Sunk
Slab (Sunkan Slab)
è Slab
and Beam Casting
è Formwork
for Beam
Mark
one level on every columns, Check position and level of the beam, Bottom
support with respect to the depth of the beam, Width of Bottom support should
be the same as the width of the beam, Bottom support should be fix firmly to
column with help of binding wire and 2” Nails in plumb, Top cut of Bottom
support should not be in cross, Bottom Plank of the beam should be in a
straight line, Check the level of bottom before providing sides, Support should
be vertical props But Avoiding props placing at joints, Check beam with
linedori in proper manner and Its Center line, Check Column and Beam joints in
proper manner, Check Reinforcement and Rings, Spacing, Lapping during the
Centering work of beam
è Formwork
for Slab
Before starting slab form work,
check Ms Plate (Farma) in proper manners – Straight, Its Corners should be in
right angles, Its Surface should be clean and Shape is proper and oiling with
brush, Check the level of slab with Level tube or Dumpy Level, From work of
slab should be done after floor PCC completed and cured, Oil the centering
plate before laying reinforcement, Adjust the side edge of plank along with the
beam sides as per dimension, Put chavi of size – 4” x 4” to support the slab
plates at 2’.00” center to center and chavi should be supported with a straight
prop only, Do not put bricks below the props, All MS Plates should be
properly adjust in proper manners, Fill the gaps with patty if found at
shuttering work, Check the thickness of slab and mark on the side slab or Nail
are driven in the plywood, Mark the thickness of slabs to be filled with
concrete on every column bar with binding wire for slab and Staircase slab
è Inside
/ Outside Plastering work
è Flooring
and Skirting Work
è Terrace
Work with Water Proofing and DPC work with Dr. Fixit / Asian Damp Proof
è Parapet,
Spouts, Rainy Water Line, Drainage Line, Plumbing Lines and Its Coping
è Over
Head Water Tank
(4)
Plumbing Drawing
è All
Plumbing and Sanitary Piping Details Laying before Plinth Filling work for Exp.
Kitchen, Bathroom, Wash Area
è Nahani
Trap, P & S Trap, Gully Trap, Inspection Chambers, Manhole Chamber
è Fire
Fighting System
è Rainy
Water and Vent Pipe Provision
è Pipes
and Its Fittings for Plumbing Work – GI, CI, CP Fittings, PVC, uPVC, cPVC and
SWR
(5)
Electrical Drawing
è Supply
Phase per unit
è Transformer,
Feder Pillar, Switchgear, Busbar and Meter rooms
è Street
Lights and Lighting Points in Site Premises,
è Cabling
work, Lights & Fans Point and TV
& Telephone Cabling unit wise.
è
Heights
of Points in the unit in building
è
Street
Lights
è
Earthing
– 1” GI Patty for Earthing and As per done by AEC
è
CCTV
Camera’s room cabling
TV, Internet and Telephone Drawing –
è
Distribution
box for TV Connection
è
Location
of Satellite dish Antenna on Terrace
è
(6)
Finishing Drawing
è Putty
Finishing
è White
Wash or Colour Work
è Electronics
Items Fitting – Light, Fan, Switch Boards, Main Board MCBs, TV Cable connection
and Telephone Cabling
è Doors,
Windows and Ventilation Shutter Fitting and Colour work of Frames and Shutters
è Letter
Boxes Fitting
