Simple Knowledge about construction through Engineering Drawing

Simple Detailing about Engineering Drawings and Working steps during the Building construction

(1)    Architectural Drawing

è  Project Layout Drawing

-          North Direction

-          Centreline Details of Columns and Walls, Excavation of Foundation and Footing work

-          Side Margin of boundary walls, Set Backs and Bye-Laws (As per AMC and Auda)

-          Staircase and Lift & Lift Shafts Detailing

-          Detailing of – Parking, Club House, Gym, Garden, Land Scaping, Common Bathroom, Electric Meter and Letter Box Position

-          Position of – Bore-Well Septic Tank, Under Ground Water Tank, Over Head Water Tank

(2)    Working and Development Drawing

è  Compound Walls

è  Bore-Well

è  Security Cabin

è  Front or Main Gate

è  Parking, Club House, Gym and Other Amenities of Project

(3)    Structure Drawing and Working Drawing (As per Level of Construction)

è  General Notes

è  Trial Pit for Soil and Strata

è  Linedori Work Centre to Centre for Column and Walls (Layout on the Ground)

è  Line Dori Method for Right Angle – 3, 4 & 5 / 6, 8 & 10 / 9, 12 & 15

Sub Structure Work

è  Excavation (If Basement, Under Ground Water Tank, Swimming Pool or Septic Tank)

-          Anti-Turmite Treatment before PCC Work in Foundation

è  Formwork for Footing

-          Place the footing form work box and check diagonals of form work box

-          Check gaps if any between form work and PCC top levels

-          Before concreting clean the inner space of form work box

-          Done PCC work with water jet, Give proper support to footing with planks and form work box, so that position should not change

-          Mark Center of the footing with the help of Nail on footing box or plank

-          Center match with center of pillar (Previous taken)

-          Check Reinforcement of footing during the shuttering work

-           

è  PCC in Foundation

è  Foundation and Footing

-          Depended upon Loads – Dead Load and Live Load

è  Up to Plinth beam Level

-          Anti-Turmite Treatment at Plinth beam Level

Super Structure Work

è  DPC (Damp Proof Course) at Plinth Level

è  Plinth Filling and PCC work

è  RCC work

Cement – OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 43 to 53 Grade & PCC (Portland Pozzolana Cement), 1 Bag = 50 Kgs, Ultratech, Sanghi, Ambuja, Siddhi etc

Coarse Aggregates – Witch pass through Indian Standard Sieve of opening of size 80 mm and are entirely on Indian Standard Sieve 4.75 mm, Its free from clay, Normally Sizes 25mm and 12.5mm to Mass concrete 40mm used in RCC work

-          Concrete Grade and Mix Ratio of Cement, Sand and Aggregate – Ratio here under with table of RMC (Ready Mix Concrete)

Grade of Concrete                                       Mix Ratio (Cement, Sand & Concrete)

-------------------------                                      --------------------------------------------------

              M-5                                    -                                          1 : 5 : 10

              M-7.5                                -                                          1 : 4 : 8

              M-10                                  -                                          1 : 3 : 6

              M-15                                  -                                          1 : 2 : 4

              M-20                                  -                                          1 : 1.5 : 3

Standard Grade of Concrete       Mix Ratio (Cement, Sand & Concrete)

--------------------------------------      --------------------------------------------------

              M-25                                  -                                          1 : 1 : 2

              M-30                                  -                                          1 : 1 : 3

M-35, 40, 45                     -                                         Design Mix

                             High Strength Concrete               Mix Ratio (Cement, Sand & Concrete)

                             --------------------------------              --------------------------------------------------

              M-50, 55, 60, 65, 70       -                                         Design Mix

For Example - M-15 Grade Concrete Ratio – Farma Size for that – 30 cm x 38 cm x 30 cm (1’.00” x 1’.3” x 1’.00”) = 1.25 Cubic foot (Cement – 1 Bag of 50 Kgs, Sand – 2 Farma full and 1 Farma Half (2.5), Metal – 4 Farma full but 1” less in farma)

Compaction of Concrete – Hand Compaction – with Roading, Ramming and Temping Methods, Compaction with Vibrator and Needle – Formwork Internal Vibrator, Formwork Vibrator external, Table Vibrator, Platform Vibrator, Surface Vibrator

o   Method of Curing – Curing Methods here under -

Water Curing –

(1)    Immersion – The pre-cast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks for the require duration

(2)    Ponding – Floor Slab, Road slab, Making small pond by sand bags

(3)    Spraying and Wet covering – For Verticals retaining walls and Concrete columns are curing by Spraying or Wet Gunny bags, Hessian cloth are wrapped around of columns surfaces to keep in concrete wet.

Membrane Curing –

The basic concept behind membrane curing is that the water used to mix the concrete is not allowed to go out from the body of concrete

Application of Heat –

(1)    Steam Curing

(2)    Curing by Infra-red radiation

(3)    Electrical Curing

Miscellaneous (Misc.)

              Applying Calcium Chloride on the surface of concrete

                                                                        Testing of Concrete –

(1)    Field Tests on fresh concrete –

o   Slump Test

(2)    Laboratory Test –

o   Casting of Cubes

o   Testing of Concrete cubes

o   Age at Test

Checklist for Concreting work at site –

(1)    Column concreting above Plinth or Floor slab

Joints, Ring Spacing and Binding wire’s ties with Steel bar check

(2)    Checking of Shuttering for Column work

Applying oil for de-shuttering, Fixing with Sikanja proper or MS Clamps 2 ft, Check Side support of shuttering

(3)    Checking of Column before concreting

Check with vertical line with plumb BOB, Supports (Teka), Reinforcement in proper manner and as per Drawing

(4)    Checking of column while concreting

Cube test of 6 different batch, Water cement ratio, Vibrator, Check shuttering joints and gap

(5)    Checking of column after concreting

De-shuttering after 36 hours, Tancha work on columns, Curing column with Hessian clothe rapped surrounding of columns for 15 days

                                           Slab or Beam Concreting –

(1)    Checking of Shuttering

(2)    Checking of Reinforcement

For Beam – Bottom Bars, Top Bars, Bent up Bars, Side covers, Spans

For Slab – Main Bars, Bent up Bars, distance between bent up bars, Covering in slab bottom, spacing, Fan hook locations

(3)    Casting Slab

Stone Dust – 10 Liter stone dust is recommended for gets absorbed volumetrically and does not increase the quantity of sand.

Fine Aggregates (Sand) – Sand passes through Indian Standard Sieve 4.75, Ensure that the sand is river wet or artificially wet, Sand should be free from Silt, clay, salts, mica and organic material, Test of presence of salt or clay in sand by volume – Rub a sample of sand with wet palms, good and clean sand will not stick to the hand, whereas sand with salt and clay will stick and changing colour of the palms.

-          Reinforcement Steel – TMT / TMX Steel Bars -

TMT (Thermo Mechanical Treated Bar) - Grade Fe-415, Fe-415 D, Fe-500, Fe-500 D, Fe-600 and TMX (Thermex Power Bar), Both are good for structure work,

-          Steel bar rings for support columns and beams and Binding wire use for Bar fixing after laying Bars for RCC work, HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed) Steel bar are generally used as a reinforcement in concrete work

Water – Water use for mixing concrete  should be clean and free from salt, oil, alkalis, sugar and organic materials, Drinking water best for used

Admixtures – Classifications of Admixtures here under –

Air Entraining Admixture, Water reducing Admixture, Retarding Admixture, Accelerating Admixture, Super plasticizers, Misc. Admixture are useful for Workability, bonding, damp proof, gravity

Sieve Analysis – 80mm, 63mm, 40mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm and 10mm Indian Standard Sieves for Aggregates, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron Indian Standard Sieves use for Fine Aggregates (Sand)

è  Steel Section Structures

-          I - Beam

-          C- Column

-          Ms Angles

-          Ms Patta

è  Formwork

Uses Material for Formwork – Shuttering Ply, Ms-Binding Wire, Farma, Sikanja, Props, Spans, Ms-Plates, Tie rod, Wooden Planks

-          Shuttering

-          Centering

-          Stagging

-          Scaffolding

-          Shoring

              Steel Plate – Sizes of plates – 3’.00” x 2’.00” x 1” and 4’.00” x 2’.00” x 1”

o   Size of Angle – use for plate is – 25 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm

o   Ply wood – Should be Water proof – Size is 8’.00” x 4’.00” Sheet in Red 12 mm

                            Thickness of the Ply wood (1.20 m x 2.40 m Size & 12 mm Thick)

o   Planks – Quality of wood like silver oak type and its free from knots (Ganth),

                            Twist, Size 6” x 6” x long as per requirement, 6” x 3” x Long as per

              Props – Diameter of props should not be less than 3”,

              Steel Form Work – Adjustable Props and size is 2.0 m x 3.75 m Heavy Duty,

-                                       Propex, Adjustable Spans (Between space of 2.00 to 4.00 m,                               Centering Plate (Farma) Size is 3’.00” x 2’.00” or 4’.00” x 2’.00”                              Column Farma (Round Shape) in 1200 mm length & 2 Segments                                          Column Farma (Square) in 225, 300, 375 and 450 mm, Available                                      In 1200 to 2500 mm, Column Clamps (Sikanja) – Step Centering –

§  Use for staircases, Size – 900 to 1500 mm

-           

è  Formwork for Columns

o   Material should be water proofing, Support to plywood should be sufficient in Vertical and Horizontal, Check Diagonals of shuttering box of columns, Fix MS clamps (Sikanja size is 2’.00”) for proper fitting, Check gaps and carpentry work of shuttering box of columns, Use Wooden patty for fix ply for shuttering box, Marking Center line of the column properly, Check Reinforcement and Its ring or joints during the shuttering work, Give support vertical and horizontal of shuttering box, De-shuttering at least after 24 hours

è  Door Frame Installing and Staircase work (Flights, Trade and Riser Details)

è  Brick Masonry up to Windows Sill Level

è  Brick Masonry up to Doors and Windows Lintel Level, Lofts and Projection Chajja

è  Formwork for Chhaja

Chajja is a part of projecting outside the building, Its purpose is protecting the window from rain and sun shade, Generally designed as the Cantilever, Lintel bottom Level is fixed using planks on the masonry walls, After checking lines and level of the lintel bottom proper support are given to it, As per width of Chhajja MS plates are fixed in the level of lintel bottom with slanting support, Reinforcement is tie with binding wire and rings as per the drawing, Sides of Chhajja are fixed along with sides of the lintel

è  Sunk Slab (Sunkan Slab)

è  Slab and Beam Casting

è  Formwork for Beam

Mark one level on every columns, Check position and level of the beam, Bottom support with respect to the depth of the beam, Width of Bottom support should be the same as the width of the beam, Bottom support should be fix firmly to column with help of binding wire and 2” Nails in plumb, Top cut of Bottom support should not be in cross, Bottom Plank of the beam should be in a straight line, Check the level of bottom before providing sides, Support should be vertical props But Avoiding props placing at joints, Check beam with linedori in proper manner and Its Center line, Check Column and Beam joints in proper manner, Check Reinforcement and Rings, Spacing, Lapping during the Centering work of beam

è  Formwork for Slab

Before starting slab form work, check Ms Plate (Farma) in proper manners – Straight, Its Corners should be in right angles, Its Surface should be clean and Shape is proper and oiling with brush, Check the level of slab with Level tube or Dumpy Level, From work of slab should be done after floor PCC completed and cured, Oil the centering plate before laying reinforcement, Adjust the side edge of plank along with the beam sides as per dimension, Put chavi of size – 4” x 4” to support the slab plates at 2’.00” center to center and chavi should be supported with a straight prop only, Do not put bricks below the props, All MS Plates should be properly adjust in proper manners, Fill the gaps with patty if found at shuttering work, Check the thickness of slab and mark on the side slab or Nail are driven in the plywood, Mark the thickness of slabs to be filled with concrete on every column bar with binding wire for slab and Staircase slab

è  Inside / Outside Plastering work

è  Flooring and Skirting Work

è  Terrace Work with Water Proofing and DPC work with Dr. Fixit / Asian Damp Proof

è  Parapet, Spouts, Rainy Water Line, Drainage Line, Plumbing Lines and Its Coping

è  Over Head Water Tank

(4)    Plumbing Drawing

è  All Plumbing and Sanitary Piping Details Laying before Plinth Filling work for Exp. Kitchen, Bathroom, Wash Area

è  Nahani Trap, P & S Trap, Gully Trap, Inspection Chambers, Manhole Chamber

è  Fire Fighting System

è  Rainy Water and Vent Pipe Provision

è  Pipes and Its Fittings for Plumbing Work – GI, CI, CP Fittings, PVC, uPVC, cPVC and SWR

(5)    Electrical Drawing

è  Supply Phase per unit

è  Transformer, Feder Pillar, Switchgear, Busbar and Meter rooms

è  Street Lights and Lighting Points in Site Premises,

è  Cabling work, Lights & Fans Point and  TV & Telephone Cabling unit wise.

è  Heights of Points in the unit in building

è  Street Lights

è  Earthing – 1” GI Patty for Earthing and As per done by AEC

è  CCTV Camera’s room cabling

TV, Internet and Telephone Drawing –

è  Distribution box for TV Connection

è  Location of Satellite dish Antenna on Terrace

è   

(6)    Finishing Drawing

è  Putty Finishing

è  White Wash or Colour Work

è  Electronics Items Fitting – Light, Fan, Switch Boards, Main Board MCBs, TV Cable connection and Telephone Cabling

è  Doors, Windows and Ventilation Shutter Fitting and Colour work of Frames and Shutters

è  Letter Boxes Fitting